Things to Consider when Starting and Running a Business

There are many things to consider when starting and running a business. You must decide what type of business you would like to operate, including the different business structures, legal forms and permits that must be obtained, zoning laws, tax laws, and the liability you may expose yourself to. If you have a business with employees, you may need to decide if you want to hire non-union or union members. You will also need to research the many banking and financial institutions as you want to make sure your money is well protected. The different types of business structures include sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. These business structures also offer different options within themselves. A business that is owned and managed by a single individual is a sole proprietorship. There are three categories of a partnership – general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships. A corporation can be closely held or publicly held. Le t us see what the advantages and disadvantages are for these different business structures. The advantage of being a sole proprietorship is that the person who owns it is able to make all the decisions on his own; he doesn’t need to consult with anyone. It is also easy to establish a sole proprietorship. There are a small number of requirements that must be met and can vary from city to city and state to state. Sole proprietors must meet the minimum requirements – authorization, site permit andShow MoreRelatedBusiness Administration: Starting your Own Business1076 Words   |  4 PagesSmall businesses are on a rise in America. May’s Business School at Texas AM offers multiple business degrees for anyone that would want to start their own business. One degree that would be helpful in starting your own business would be a Bachelors in Business Administration (BBA) degree that can be taken at May’s Business school at Texas AM. The type of business that sounds interesting to start would be a hunting and fishing outfitter, like Cabela’s or Bass Pro Shop. Hands on experience withRead MoreWhy Owning A Vineyard Is The Right Thing For You And Help You1268 Words   |  6 Pagesthis idea. But anyone who works in the industry will tell you starting your own winery won’t be an easy thing to do and the romantic images are hardly a reality. But if something is dream it doesn’t mean it is impossible. It is possible to start your own winery, you just need to make sure you focus on all the right things and plan your business venture well. This guide will help you consider whether owning a vineyard is the right thing for you and help you focus your research on the right tracksRead MoreTips Before Starting A Photo Booth Business890 Words   |  4 Pages5 Tips Before Starting A Photo Booth Business By Gerald Kwaku | Submitted On January 15, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Photo booths have changed and looks like they now have a bigger and betterRead MoreïÆ'Ëœ Prepare a Feasibility Report for Starting a Restaurant1174 Words   |  5 Pagesfor starting a Restaurant. Restaurant : A restaurant is a place that’s offers well prepared food at a certain price that suits to the customers. Before starting a new business many corporation or institute write and make a business plan. In this way we have to make a business plan for starting a restaurant. A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons why they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. This business planRead MoreStart Your Own Online Business For Free1314 Words   |  6 PagesStart an Online Business for Free Have you been wondering how to start your own online business for free? First let me tell you a story. About a year ago my wife and I split up and I became a single father of four. It was also at this time that I was diagnosed with a medical condition that forced me to quit my job. I was lost†¦I didn’t know how I would provide for my family – food, clothes, rent. I had nothing and no way to make money. I felt like a failure.It can be depressing trying to startRead MoreShould We Pay The Minimum Wage?1705 Words   |  7 PagesWhen deciding on pay rate you have to take into consideration as to where your business is located, are the cooks getting minimum wage or higher, are the hostess getting paid server minimum wage plus tip outs or are they getting the normal minimum wage amount same with bussers, also with management you have to consider people are coming to work for you from somewhere else either in hopes of making more money or to better themselves. Either way you will have to know if you can afford to do what youRead MoreMaintenance Checks And Tasks For A Small Wordpress Website766 Words   |  4 PagesKeeping your website updated and running like a well-oiled machine can be overwhelming and time consuming for many small business owners. In most cases, site owners don’t perform maintenance checks unless something breaks or goes seriously wrong. By regularly performing maintenance related tasks, you can keep your site performing at its best. In this article, we cover 8 WordPress easy essential beginner maintenance tasks that do not require technical knowledge of navigating your way around phpMyadminRead MoreEssay On Free Management Software857 Words   |  4 Pages5 Free Management Software that Every Entrepreneur Should Be Using Running any sort of business is tough work. You need to manage many things and the margin for error is small. It isn’t any wonder that entrepreneurs have started relying on technology to help with the process of running a business. However, technology doesn’t always come cheap – knowing how to find the right software without paying a penny is essential. If you’re looking free management software, then here are five products you needRead MoreUnderstanding The Cultural Difference Of Business Communication1444 Words   |  6 Pageswhich are the main industry to keep their business running. Indeed, even with information on how the business can grow internationally, some business frequently fails to keep up the importance of cultural understating in the business itself. Further, it is often leads to the lack of understanding and decreasing of performance to achieve its goals. In this essay, the writer will describe the importance of understanding the cultural difference in business communication. Further, the writer also emphasizesRead MoreWorking For A Business Or Starting A New One Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Working for a business or starting a new one â€Å"is a debatable issue that has been raging for many decades, with no end in sight. In the simplest form some people don’t prefer to be controlled by someone or routine work and some others can accept that! They don’t prefer to take a risk of starting their own businesses. Opposers suggest that you ll actually consider the beginning of your startup to a greater extent a side interest than a living, and you ll be less inspired to sustain it to realization

Child Development Stages 0-19 - 905 Words

Children’s Development from 0 to 19 years Stages of Child Development: Age ofChild: | Illustration: | Physical Development | Intellectual /Cognitive Development | Social Development | Emotional Development | 0 - 3 | | 0-3 Months: * Tries to lift head. * Begins to hold objects when placed in hand.3-9 Months: * Establishes head control * Begins to sit with support from about 6 months un-supported.9-18 Months: * Is now very mobile e.g. crawls, bottom-shuffles, cruises, walks.18 Months - 2 Years: * Walks well and tries to run but has difficulty stopping.2-3 Years: * Kicks a ball, learns to jump and may learn to somersault. | 0-3 Months: * Explores by putting objects in mouth. * Recognises its parents.3-9 Months:†¦show more content†¦* Shows some awareness of right and wrong.. | 3 – 5 Years: * Uses language more effectively to communicate with others. * Gradually is able to share group possessions at play group or nursery. | 3 – 5 Years: * Begins to use language to express feelings and wishes. * Still has emotional outbursts, especially when tired, stressed or frustrated. | 5-7 | | 5 – 7 Years: * Has improved gross motor skills and coordination so is more proficient at running, jumping, climbing and balancing but may have some difficulty with hopping and skipping. | 5 – 7 Years: * Is very curious and asks questions. * Continues to enjoy imaginative and creative play activities. * Develops interest in reading for themselves. * Enjoys jigsaws amp; puzzles. | 5 – 7 Years: * Enjoys the company of other children; may have special friend(s). * Appears confident and competent in abilities. * May copy un wanted behaviour, e.g. swearing, biting, kicking to gain adult attention. | 5 – 7 Years: * Becomes more aware of the feelings and needs of others. * Tries to comfort others who are upset, hurt or unwell. * Using language to express feelings and wishes. * Argues with other children but may take longer to forgive and forget. | 7 – 1212-16Show MoreRelatedChild and Young Persons Development Essay example762 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 005 Child and young person development Task A Complete tables Complete the following four tables showing the different stages of development against the different ages, and identify how development is holistic by showing links to other developmental aspects. 1. Physical development 2. Intellectual development 3. Communication development 4. Social, emotional and behavioural development (Ref1.1, 1.2) Assignment 005 Child and young person development Table 1:Read MoreDescribe the Expected Pattern of Children and Young Peoples Development from Birth to 19714 Words   |  3 PagesTDA 2.1 Child and Young Person Development 1.1 Describe the expected pattern of children and young people’s development from birth to 19 years, to include: physical, social, emotional, behavioural, intellectual and communicational development. Through a young person’s development, from birth to 19 they are expected to follow a development pattern including physical, social, environmental, behavioural, intellectual and communicational. The expected pattern is seen as the average time period it wouldRead MoreUnit 506 Understand Child And Young Person Development1727 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstand Child and Young Person Development When looking at and discussing a child’s development, you have to remember that all children are different and grow at different rates. Every child will follow the same sequence but they may not necessarily do it at the same time as each other. For example, you could have two, 6 month old babies, 1 could already be able to crawl, and the other 1 may not have mastered it yet and may not until they are a bit older. You must remember that your child is an individualRead MoreJean Piaget And His Theory On Cognitive Development1601 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget and His Theory on Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is one of the most influential theorists in cognitive development and he argues that children pass through the same sequence of stages when it comes to this developmental domain. This paper will begin with a general overview of Jean Piaget’s beliefs when it comes to children’s cognitive development and the basics of his four stages. Next, an in depth look will be taken at each of the stages followed by defining the Piagetian ideasRead MoreExplain the Sequence and Rate of Each Aspect of Development from Birth - 19 Years1105 Words   |  5 Pages2012 Page No.1 Unit 1 Child and Young Person Development Learning Outcome: Understand the expected pattern of development for children and young people from birth - 19 years. Task 1: Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth - 19 years. The aspects of development are defined as Physical, Social Emotional, Language and Intellectual. There are different stages of development for each category, 0-3 years, 3-7 years, 7-12 years and 12-19 years. All childrenRead MoreDevelopment Of A Child s Development829 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopment from birth to 19 Introduction For each section of development it is crucial that there is a wide range of ‘normal’ as each child s’ progress is individual. There can also be a delay in development due to constitutional or genetic diseases. There are many things that may influence a child’s development such as; parents, carers and the child’s peer group. There are seven areas of child development : Physical Development Communicational Development Understanding The World NumeracyRead MoreAssignment 23 Task a - Diploma Childrens and Young Peoples Workforce1153 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 023: Understand Child and Young Person Development Task A1: Tables showing sequence and rate of development for children and young people from birth to 19 years Table 1: Physical Development Age Range | Explain the sequence and rate of development | 0-3 months | At birth babies are born with reflexes – such as: * swallowing and sucking * rooting * grasping * startle reflexIn the first few months babies change considerably * gradually sleeping less * looking less curledRead MoreCognitive Development And Development Of Thinking Across The Lifespan Essay791 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribes Cognitive development as the development of thinking across the lifespan. He believes, that as children grow and their brains develop, and they move through multiple stages that are characterized by differences in their cognitive development. According to Piaget (1952), the first stage that any human being goes through is the schema stage, which he described as the foundation of where a child learns everything. The second stage is the transitional stage in which a child begins to associateRead MorePhysical Development Communication And Language Development1612 Words   |  7 Pages1b.Sequence and development chart 0 to 19 yrs. Physical development Communication and language development Intellectual and cognitive development Social, emotional, behavioural and moral development 0-3 years This is a period of a faster, physical development. In order to survive and through a series of natural reflexes, babies are able to develop the ability of grasping and sucking (on a bottle of milk for example).Though during their first year babies have little control over their bodies byRead MoreDevelopment Stages 0-19 Years1478 Words   |  6 PagesUnit 004 Children and Young People’s Development The table below shows at what stage’s the expected pattern of development for children will occur. The development areas cover Physical, Communication, Social, Emotional and Behavioural Development. Physical Development This is an area of development, that is often assumed will come automatically as the child grows. Although children develop many skills naturally it is important that they are given the opportunity to develop in a variety of ways

The Conceptual Schema Of Women - 2353 Words

Women are seen powerless in many instances and Marilyn Frye details the accounts where women are viewed as second to men in â€Å"To see and Be Seen.† Frye uses a metaphysics approach to better understand how people come to power. She gives a metaphysical understanding of how the world has been determined by people of power, which throughout history has been men. Men have been in authority throughout history and have come up with society’s conceptual schema. Frye alludes to people in power don’t want to see people who are submissive. Men fit into the conceptual schema, women are excluded but are allowed in the schema in certain ways and lesbians are not included. Lesbians are seen as unnatural and are not recognized in the schema. Their perspective on society is not taken into account, whereas women are recognized but their own perspective on society is completely erased. Men in charge do not identify women or lesbian’s experiences and view women as a mystery. The conceptual schema lead women to view society as men do, but lesbians do not view the world through men’s perspective. Suppressing a groups perspective excluded them from reality. Men are dominant and women are dominated. Frye mentions Sarah Hoagland’s paper saying, â€Å"In the conceptual schemes of phallocracies†¦ there is no such thing as a lesbian. This puts a lesbian in the interesting and peculiar position of being something that does not exist, and this position is a singular vantage point with respect to theShow MoreRelatedGender Portrayal Of Gender Roles953 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction According to the United States Department of Labor, 69.7% of men compared to 57.2% of women were participating in the U.S. paid labor force in the year 2013 (U.S. Department of Labor, 2013). But despite this near equality in the rates of participation in the work force, men and women continue to be depicted in very distinct gender roles throughout the mainstream media (Eisend, 2010; Lull, Hanson, Marx, 1977; Collins, 2011). This gender stereotyping effect is especially prevalent withinRead MoreThe Philosophical Underpinnings Of Trauma Informed Care1529 Words   |  7 Pageshealth professionals began to articulate organizational frameworks for delivery of trauma informed care, as well as conceptual models based on scientific evidence about how traumatic stress impacts brains and behavior (Bloom, 1997; Harris Fallot, 2001; Covington, 2002; Rivard, Bloom, Abramovitz, 2003; Ko, Ford, Kassam-Adams, et al. 2008; Bloom, 2010). In 1998, SAMHSA launched the Women, Co-Occurring Disorders and Violence study, a seminal study in 27 sites over five years that examined trauma-integratedRead MoreEffects Of Self Congruity And Multifactorial Gender Identity Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pageswhen Dove wanted to expand beyond the female market, they had to create Dove For Men, which had a new logo, font, color scheme, and package design). Further, a study done by the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs reported that on average, women are charged 7% more for products branded for them than are their male counterparts (2015). This phenomenon, colloquially known as the â€Å"pink tax,† fuels the larger societal issue of gender inequality. The goal of this paper is to explore the literatureRead MoreThe Importance Of Stereotyping1759 Words   |  8 Pagesflight† response in which, in order to protect ourselves from possible harm, we would either confront the issue or flee. Whether or not we did one or the other depended strongly on the visual aspects of the thr eat and whether or not our pre-existing schema related to said traits encouraged â€Å"fight† or â€Å"flight†. While stereotyping has been an element of human survival in the past, the extent to which stereotyping is still necessary today is debatable. While stereotyping has been more modernly believedRead MoreThe Origin Of The Dominican Republic Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesIndians and Spanish descent and interpret their identity as non-black. Core concepts which account for Dominican’s natural order, belief system and knowledge has been revealed by Ginetta E.B. Candelario. Candelario explain the Dominicanidad’s conceptual schema has been created by indigenism which refers to ideologies associated with indigenous peoples. Although the indigenous people are non-existent Dominican regard their identity as racially Indian or aboriginal descent. They idealized Spain, itsRead MoreBeyond Sophisticated Stereotyping10228 Words   |  41 Pagesvalues take precedence over others. Thus, culture is embedded in the context and cannot be understood fully without taking context into consideration. To decipher cultural paradoxes, the authors propose a model of cultural sensemaking, linking schemas to contexts. They spell out the implications of this model for those who teach culture, for people working across cultures, and for multinational corporations. .................... ................... .................... ............Read MoreA Critical Discussion On Gender, Masculinity, Power, And Gender Politics1656 Words   |  7 PagesAfrica, a highly patriarchal and violent country, through quantitative research methods. Statistics highlight certain demographics that contribute to the study of gender within South Africa; for example it was found that 40% of households are run by women and often fathers are absent during childhood which thus affects aspects of gender within men such as masculinity. Morell et al. combine statistics with a strong analysis of South African gendered history to analyse hegemonic masculinity. To furtherRead MoreCorporate Governance: An International Review4334 Words   |  18 PagesGovernance: An International Review, 2009, 17(3): 320–337 Women Directors on Corporate Boards: A Review and Research Agenda Siri Terjesen*, Ruth Sealy and Val Singh ABSTRACT Manuscript Type: Review Research Question/Issue: This review examines how gender diversity on corporate boards inï ¬â€šuences corporate governance outcomes that in turn impact performance. We describe extant research on theoretical perspectives, characteristics, and impact of women on corporate boards (WOCB) at micro, meso, and macroRead MoreCritical Review On Moral Reasoning3548 Words   |  15 Pagesbegins with a critical review of the research and theories presented in lieu of ‘moral reasoning’, and then the review focuses on the interrelationship of education, accountants and moral reasoning. The final section of the chapter presents the conceptual framework for the research. The focus of this chapter is to help in understanding the influences of moral reasoning on accountants and accounting students. An Introduction to Ethics The interpretation of ethics is a subjective matter, and thisRead MoreThe Mind Is A Complex Part Of The Human Being That Can Elicit Emotions1419 Words   |  6 Pagesjust about everyone. Case Study/Stressors Take, for instance, Linda’s case who is a 42-year-old Hispanic female who lives in NYC. She is facing the following social stressors: finding out her husband of 21 years has been meeting up with various women, helping her live-in mother with her legal problems, and has her two children of college age at home. An environmental stressor, which is also traumatic is nature was being within close proximity when 9/11 occurred, and consequently feeling agitated

The Canyon Tragedy Annexed An Effective Way Globally And...

Torrey Canyon Tragedy 1967 Transporting goods over the see consider as an effective way globally and has benefited the world amazingly. On the regular daily basis, ships all over the world are moving from port to port either to carry or deliver goods. Furthermore, 90 percent of shipments have been transported by vessels. The globalization has influenced the world to be interactive in trading by sea. Transporting oil nowadays by vessels is the safest mode away from people sights. In fact, (1800) million tons of crude oil is transporting early by sea. Although treaties that have been established to avoid any risk could happen from an oil spill are not taken seriously unless the world is facing a tremendous tragedy. However, oil spills†¦show more content†¦In the past, we had learned from previous well best-known oil spill tankers accidents in the world which are: †¢ Torrey Canyon – (1967) †¢ Exxon Valdez - (1989) †¢ Erika - (1999) †¢ Prestige - (2002) Apparently, all adjustments are taken after each horrible tragedy and the preventive action still not implemented holistically. However, when any new conventions are adopted, they probably will take from 2 to 5 years to enter into force and be active. Well, in this small paper research I would like to discuss the regulations as well as rules that have been updated as a direct response to these kind of horrific accidents. In addition to, what impacts the new safety regulations and standards rules have had on lowering the risk pertained oil tankers incidents. In the late 19 Century, the first oil tankers begun to operate and the regular standard size of the tankers remain small (16400) DWT until 1950s. Afterwards during the proper progress in the construction industry, the sizes of the vessels started to grow rapidly until they reached out (100,000) tons in 1959. That have led a noticeable increasing in the oil transportation which dictates the awareness of oil pollution in the marine environment. In the 20 Century, the oil pollutions was recognized as a gradual problem that would influence adversely the entire world. Furthermore, in 1954 (OILPOL) the international convention for the pollution

Agency Problem in SOEs of China Free Essays

Agency problem is a worldwide problem wherever it is in western countries or China. It is inevitable during the development of the firm†s organization. As long as the interests between the owner and management are not aligned, the conflict is existed. We will write a custom essay sample on Agency Problem in SOEs of China or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many western firms have established the rules and incentive systems to prevent â€Å"agency problem†. Somehow it works. We find it is not enough to overcome the problem. China has undergone a long period economic reform. During the reform, how to improve the SOEs performance is a hot focus. In the past, all the SOEs were controlled by the government, what the companies† doing were decided by the government, then on one side the executives did not take the full responsibility for the company; on the other side, the officer blamed the managers for the bad performance. There are no clear boundary on the space of freedom and responsibilities. (see Georges Enderle) The â€Å"agency problem† became even worse because of this phenomenon. Now China has tried a lot of methods to establish the modern organization of SOEs. The boundary between the government and the executives of SOEs has been clearly set. Some SOES have been published. However we find that the â€Å"agency problem† still exist more or less and the business ethics do be involved. And business ethics can play a virtually important role in dealing with the â€Å"agency problem during the economic reform. 2. Definition of † agency problem† Before we go further, we need to define what is agent and what is agency problem. Agent is the entity where Management represents owners; the agency relationship is the relationship between the principal and the agent, in which the agency acts for the principal. And what is agency problem? The agency problem results from the separation of management and the ownership of the firm. Agency problem can be clarified as the followings: Agents may consume excessive perks. Agents may shirk (not expend their best efforts). Agents may act in their best interest (instead of the interest of the principal). 3. Why does â€Å"Agency Problem† happen? On the very beginning, most firms were based on the family and their management was the members within the family, and there was not agency problem at all, because the management and ownership were aligned, no interest conflict. As the firms grow, it seems they need high management skills and the existed relationship within the management restricted the growth of the firms. Furthermore, it was much more difficult to raise new equity. Then they hired the professional managers to act as the owners. The agency problem is followed as this organization comes out. Due to the interest is not alignment between the managers and the owners, more or less the managers will pursuit their own profit instead of the owners, which we thought is unethical because of the space of freedom and responsibility are not matched. (see Georges Enderle) and we will discuss later. Although the goal of the firm is the maximization of shareholder†s wealth, in reality the agency problem may interfere with the implementation of this goal. The agency problem results from the separation of management and the ownership of the firm. For example, a firm maybe runs by the professional managers who have little or no ownership in the firm. Because of this separation of the decision-makers and owners, managers may make decisions that are not in line with the goal of maximization of shareholder wealth. They may approach work less energetically and attempt to benefit themselves in terms of salary and perquisites at the expense of shareholders. The cost of â€Å"Agency problem† is obvious. There are the monitoring costs, bonding costs and the residual loss. Monitoring costs are costs incurred by the principle to monitor the actions of the agents (Ex. Annual report to shareholders). Bonding costs are costs incurred by the agent to ensure they will act in the best interests of the principals (binding employment contract). The residual loss is the implicit cost when management and shareholders† interests cannot be aligned, even when bonding and monitoring costs are incurred. We will spend considerable time in monitoring managers and trying to align their interests with shareholders. Managers can be monitored by auditing financial statements and bonded by managers† compensation packages. The interests of managers and shareholders can be aligned by establishing management stock options, bonuses, and perquisites that are directly tired to how closely their decisions coincide with the interest of shareholders. The agency problem will persist unless an incentive structures set up that aligns the interests of managers and shareholders. In other words, what is good for shareholders must also be good for managers. If that is not the case, managers will make decisions in their best interest rather than maximizing shareholder wealth. 4. Does incentives or regulations eliminate the † Agency Problem†? A high level of compensation can result from a pay-for-performance system in which the executive has performed extremely well, or it can be the result of the agency problem, Where the executive is taking advantage of the system. Keep in mind that an executive compensation committee, appointed by the firm†s board of directors, generally recommends the CEO†s compensation package. Also keep in mind the board of directors, although elected by the shareholders, is generally nominated for election by the CEO and thus may be more sympathetic to the CEO†s desires than to the shareholders† best interests. This opens the door for † good old boy† networks to take care of their own and set up a compensation package that rewards, regardless of performance, without attempting to align managers† and shareholders† interests. So it is essential to establish a good controlling and monitoring system, but since it does not work so well or we have not find a perfect mechanical system to prevent it up to now. How should we do then? It is the ethical behavior that † doing the right thing†. A difficulty arises, however, in attempting to define â€Å"doing the right thing†. The problem is that each of us has his or her own set of values, which forms the basis for our personal judgments about what is the right thing to do. Every society adopts a set of rules or laws that prescribe what it believes to be † doing the right thing.† In a sense, we can think of laws as a set of rules that reflect the values of the society as a whole, as they have evolved. However, not all the â€Å"agency problem† has been against the law. As the individuals, they have a right to disagree about what constitutes â€Å"doing the right thing† and we will seldom venture beyond the basic notion that ethical conduct involves abiding by society†s rules. And some of the ethical dilemmas that have arisen with regard to the † agency problem†. These dilemmas generally arise when some individual behavior is ground to be at odds with the wishes of a large portion of the population, even though the behavior is not prohibited within law. Ethical dilemmas can therefore provide a catalyst for discussion. † Is ethics really relevant?† the answer is â€Å"Yes.† First, although business errors can be forgiven, ethical errors tend to end careers and terminate future opportunities. Because unethical behavior eliminates trust, and without trust businesses can not interact. Second, the most damaging event a business can experience is a loss of the public†s confidence in its ethical standards. 5. The agency problems in SOES do involve business ethics dimension. By the definition of the â€Å"agency problem† in the SOEs in China, the managers assigned or appointed are the agents, who manage the assets of the principal.(the country) They have a lot of authorities regarding personnel, funds and fixed assets etc., but they don†t have the corresponding responsibilities. The situation is a result of the mismatch of the space of freedom and responsibility as indicated by Georges Enderle. According to what Prof. Georges Enderle said, the space of freedom and responsibility should match with each other. On one hand, it is unfair for someone to be held responsible for something if he or she doesn†t have the freedom to make decision on it. On the other hand, it will be dangerous for someone to only enjoy the space of freedom without any or less constraints or responsibility. Sooner or later, he or she will abuse the authority to achieve for his or her own interests by hurting others. During the reform of the SOEs organization, the managers are granted with even more authorities for them to better manage their companies. But unfortunately, some managers undertake some unethical or even illegal activities to act against their companies and the country, which has caused a huge loss for our country. It was reported that total lost assets of the country amounted to about RMB 50 billion to 100 billion during the 1990†³s. The main reasons are that the managers of the SOES take advantages of their prevailed positions to gain personal interests for themselves. But they don†t really worry about the loss because they will not be responsible for that. Please read the following case: XXX Company is one of the largest SOES in Guizhou Province. Started from the 1980†³s, the company went into a very difficult situation, making a greater loss every year. Oct. 27, 1999, an extremely shocking news exploded the company: Guifang Jing, the 54-year old, female financial manager were involved in corruption of over RMB7 million. Very soon, she confessed that it was she that took advantage of her position and her professional knowledge to manipulate the financial statements and embezzle the company†s assets. At the beginning, she got involved in the bank accounts transaction directly by using as excuse that the cashier was not familiar with it. She hid 325 bank accounts in total, which amounted to RMB 57 billion in total. At the meantime, she played a lot of tricks in distorting the bank checks and gained RMB12 billion in total. After she embezzled so much money, she started to have an abnormal mentality. One time, when she found that the company still had some cash balance in the bank, she felt very sorry for not having taking out for herself†¦. One day when she was on the business trip, one financial clerk of the company found that one bank check of several ten thousand RMB was missing and he reported to the general manager and the latter reported to the police. Guifang Jing smelt that the police would start investigate very soon. After pondering over for several nights, she eventually recovered her conscience and decided to give herself to the police. Let†s analyze the case. It is true that she broke the law. But if her business ethics had been good enough, she would have not got involved in such illegal and unethical behavior. She was assigned and trusted by the shareholder to have the authority to manage the company assets, but she betrayed her company by abusing her space of freedom, especially when the company was in such a difficult situation. At that time she should have used her professional knowledge and cooperated with her colleagues to improve the financial performance of the company. Another reason was that there was no healthy corporate culture in the company. Employees were not encouraged and rewarded for making contributions to the company. So nobody really cared about the company. That kind of environment gave Guifang Jing opportunities to corrupt such a great amount of money. Upon knowing that the police would investigate the missing bank check, she decided to confess to the police to avoid more serious punishment. Actually, she was at the first stage of Konhlber-Inspired Typology of Ethical Dilemmas. If she had been in a higher stage, for instance, Stage 4 Conform to rules, laws, code, and conventions, or even higher, Stage 5 Follow principles based on respect for people and their rights, she would have not got involved to this crime. But we must be clear that the case of Guifang Jing was only one of the similar cases that happened in the SOEs in the country. Obviously the companies and the whole country need to take action to improve the business ethics, to foster a good and ethical business environment. So far, we have understood why the incentives and regulations cannot and will not solve the agency problems. The agency problems do involve business ethics dimension. Then there is a base for business ethics to play an important role in dealing with the agency problems. As common sense, human acquires knowledge through education, formal or informal. Without education (in a broad sense), people cannot understand the nature and the society. They won†t have their values developed in the process of learning and practice. Of course, they won†t act according to the social behavior orders and norms. Business ethics aims to discuss the business conduct/activities that raise moral issues and to improve â€Å"the ethical quality of decision-making process at all levels†: micro-, meso-, and macro-level (Enderle) through education. How to cite Agency Problem in SOEs of China, Essay examples

Software Design for Software Development- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSoftware Designfor Software Development Procedures. Answer: Introduction The software design is basic the procedures that involve the software solutions for various type of problems. The software and the software requirement are two types of software development procedures that would be used in the software engineering procedures. In addition to this, the processes are very useful for the implementation of an efficient software. The essay provides two articles that deals with the software design issues. The essay tries to display the problems that are faced in the software design procedures and also provides the remedies for the issues. In addition to this, the essay also provides the analysis of the issues that are being raised in this essay. Analytic and Comparative Study of Software Design Context: According to Oizumin et al. (2016), in the article Code anomalies flock together: exploring code anomaly agglomerations for locating design problems it has been mentioned that there are problems in the designing of every kind of software. Various programming systems have been ended or reengineered because of the issues regarding the designing for the development of the system. As the designing documentation is often casual or nonexistent, design issues should be situated in the source code. The main trouble to distinguish the design issue in the deployment originates from the fact that such issue is regularly scattered through a few system components. Past work accepted that code anomalies that are also known as code odors, may give adequate indications about the area of the issue regarding the design. In any case, each code anomaly alone may represent an incomplete encapsulation of a design issue. In this paper, it has been mentioned that code irregularities tend to "flock together" to understand a design issue. It has been investigated that to what degree gatherings of between related codes inconsistencies, named agglomerations, suffice to find the design issues. More than 2200 agglomerations have been broken down and analyzed and it was found in seven programming systems of various sizes and from various areas. Compare: The investigation demonstrates that specific types of agglomerations are reliable pointers of both intrinsic and transformative design issues, with exactness that is higher than 80%. In addition to all these it has also been mentioned in the article that the difficulties and the error in the techniques can be very easily solved by using various kind of techniques. The developers can frequently improve their software by fixing the small errors and the bugs that are there in the systems. In addition to this they are also implanting new techniques for the implementation of the systems. In addition to this some privacy policies are also developed by the organizations for maintaining the integrity of the software during the developments. In addition to this there are also sandbox techniques. The sandbox techniques are used for confining as application for the resources during the testing procedures of the application. The sandbox mining techniques first detects the behavior of th e application and then they detect the anomalies that are there in the systems. They also extract the path of the resources that are accessed by the applications. In addition to all these there are the performance analyzer for the software that would provide the results of the best case and the worst cases and this would be providing a standard for the software to detect its performance and also identifying the ideal conditions for the performances of the software. In addition to this, the software also are subjected runtime Quality of Service checks. This provides the quality of the service that software is providing and also indicated the required fixes for the software. All these techniques would be helping in the software development technologies. In addition to this, the software designing procedures would also be performed efficiently in the future and would be reducing the amount of anomaly of the software in the future. Contrast: According to Cooling (2013), the computer systems in the recent times have turned out to be progressively unpredictable and advanced. It has now turned out to be evident that, to execute such plans successfully, proficient, thorough programming strategies must be utilized. This incorporates investigation, designing and execution. Unfortunately couple of reading material cover this zone well. Every now and again they are only left with the limited scope of programming, or software texts which overlook the issues of continuous frameworks. This book expects to fill that hole by depicting the aggregate software designing and its given development procedure of the real time systems. Further, emphasis of microchip based systems that are embedded in real time are also provided. Real-time systems are those which must create adjust reactions inside a distinct time constrain. If the computer system reactions surpass these time limits then execution anomaly and additionally breakdown are resulted. Here the computer system is simply one useful component inside a real time system; it is not a computing machine in its own rights. In addition to this, the book is written keeping in mind that the hardware and software engineers, both are required to have a proper understanding of the software designs and the software requirements. The article is basically targeted towards the students and the professional engineers. Conclusion Both the articles that was chosen provides very important information about the system designs. In addition to this, the papers were successful in providing an insight to the problems that have been raised due to the situations. While the book by Oizumi et al. (2016) contained some remedies for the situation in details, the book by Cooling (2013) provided a detailed discussion about the real- time systems. For conclusion it can be said that the software design is very important for the developers and the engineers. The knowledge about the topic is very important in their domain. The essay has provided two articles that deals with the software design issues. The essay has tried to display the problems that are faced in the software design procedures and also provides the remedies for the issues. In addition to this, the essay also have provided the analysis of the issues that are being raised in this essay. References Cooling, J.E., 2013.Software design for real-time systems. Springer. Farahani, R.Z., Miandoabchi, E., Szeto, W.Y. and Rashidi, H., 2013. A review of urban transportation network design problems.European Journal of Operational Research,229(2), pp.281-302. Gavalas, D., Konstantopoulos, C., Mastakas, K. and Pantziou, G., 2014. A survey on algorithmic approaches for solving tourist trip design problems.Journal of Heuristics,20(3), pp.291-328. Oduor, M., Alahivl, T. and Oinas-Kukkonen, H., 2014. Persuasive software design patterns for social influence.Personal and ubiquitous computing,18(7), pp.1689-1704. Oizumi, W., Garcia, A., da Silva Sousa, L., Cafeo, B. and Zhao, Y., 2016, May. Code anomalies flock together: exploring code anomaly agglomerations for locating design problems. InProceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering(pp. 440-451). ACM. Simons, C.L., Smith, J. and White, P., 2014. Interactive ant colony optimization (iACO) for early lifecycle software design.Swarm Intelligence,8(2), pp.139-157.

In order to carry on photosynthesis, green plants Essay Example For Students

In order to carry on photosynthesis, green plants Essay need a supply of carbon dioxide and a means of disposing of oxygen. In order to carry on cellular respiration, plant cells need oxygen and a means of disposing of carbon dioxide (just as animal cells do). Unlike animals, plants have no specialized organs for gas exchange. The are several reasons they can get along without them. Each part of the plant takes care of its own gas exchange needs. Although plants have an elaborate liquid transport system, it does not participate in gas transport. Roots, stems, and leaves respire at rates much lower than are characteristic of animals. Only during photosynthesis are large volumes of gases exchanged and each leaf is well adapted to take care of its own needs. The distance that gases must diffuse in even a large plant is not great. Each living cell in the plant is located close to the surface. While obvious for leaves, it is also true for stems. The only living cells in the stem are organized in thin layers just beneath the bark. The cells in the interior are dead and serve only to provide mechanical support. Most of the living cells in a plant have at least part of their surface exposed to air. The loose packing of parenchyma cells in leaves, stems, and roots provides an interconnecting system of air spaces. Gases diffuse through air several thousand times faster than through water. Once oxygen and carbon dioxide reach the network of intercellular air spaces, they diffuse rapidly through them. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the leaf (as well as the loss of water vapor in transpiration) occurs through pores called stomata (singular = stoma). Normally stomata open when the light strikes the leaf in the morning and close during the night. The immediate cause is a change in the turgor of the guard cells. The inner wall of each guard cell is thick and elastic. When turgor develops within the two guard cells flanking each stoma, the thin outer walls bulge out and force the inner walls into a crescent shape. This opens the stoma. When the guard cells lose turgor, the elastic inner walls regain their original shape and the stoma closes. Woody stems and mature roots are sheathed in layers of dead cork cells impregnated with suberin a waxy, waterproof (and airproof) substance. So cork is as impervious to oxygen and carbon dioxide as it is to water. However, the cork of both mature roots and woody stems is perforated by nonsuberized pores called lenticels. These enable oxygen to reach the intercellular spaces of the interior tissues and carbon dioxide to be released to the atmosphere. In many annual plants, the stems are green and almost as important for photosynthesis as the leaves. These stems use stomata rather than lenticels for gas exchange. .

Purpose of Education free essay sample

The purpose of education is to open the minds of students to diversity, cultures, and views from all over the world. In order to create such an environment for students, they must be taught from different aspects of different people, should function in an uncorrupt society, and should have an unlimited amount of information that they can access so that the learning process can be achieved easily. Drawing on the articles â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Cannot Read†, â€Å"A talk to Teachers†, and â€Å"Studying Islam, Strengthening the Nation†, a real education depends on a society and allows a student to be active in his or her society and shows how the different types of education affect different types of societies. In â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Cannot Read†, the author, Francine Prose, explains how the lists of books given by schools to students are loathed, â€Å"numbing sameness, unaffected by geography, region, or community size† (Prose, p. 1) and don’t teach the students anything. Books and literature read in school should be something that student’s enjoy enough to elaborate on them by themselves and at the same time educate them about how different people of different views write differently and function differently in a society. Literature in education should be understanding problems relating to discrimination and prejudice that exist in our present-day society, and to understand and apply these things to our lives. The presented literature of today is hardly given by teachers as something to read closely and to understand and relate to one’s life, but instead as just a normal assignment. â€Å"Given the dreariness with which literature is taught in many American classrooms, it seems miraculous that any sentient teenager would view reading as a source of pleasure† (Prose, p. 89), this quote tells us how although students are doing their literature reading, there is not much enthusiasm and interest in doing so, thus there is no real applying of this learning to real life. Putting yourself in someone’s shoes, learning about past experiences of unfortunate people can help adolescences in developing his or her logic, and understanding and opening their minds to the things that go on in the world around them. â€Å"A Talk to Teachers†, written by James Baldwin, says that teaching is so difficult when the students are subject to disorientation from society itself, â€Å"Or to put it another way, you must understand that in the attempt to correct so many generations of bad faith and cruelty, when it is operating not only in the classroom but in society, you will meet the ost fantastic, the most brutal, and the most determined resistance† (Baldwin, p. 123), so a teacher would have to go against what they’ve actually learned and are learning in their society or home environment in order to teach them to be civilized. In this article, the purpose of education is not to build on or perpetuate the things that already exist in our surr ounds or within our leadership but to question whether that leadership or society is right or the best it can be for the world or for its own sake and long being, versus other societies existing in the world and to make us judge and make decisions and reason for ourselves. The purpose of education, finally, is to create in a person the ability to look at the world for himself, to make his own decisions, to say to himself this is black or this is white, to decide for himself whether there is a God in heaven or not. To ask questions of the universe, and then learn to live with those questions, is the way he achieves his own identity† (Baldwin, pp. 123-124), here it shows how education should encourage the young ones to take up and question their societies, innovate and educate themselves, and speak their mind in a society in order to make their points of view known and shared in support of a positive change. Another article supporting that the purpose of education is to open minds of students to all views by being taught from different aspects is â€Å"Studying Islam, Strengthening our Nation†, by Peter Berkowitz and Michael McFaul. By easily looking at the name of this article, you can see that the authors implement that by open student’s minds to more cultures, they gain strength in their knowledge, leading to a better build up of society and then a better build up of the nation. Islam represents one of the worlds great religions and provides not only an intellectual feast for comparative study in the social sciences and humanities but also an indispensable comparison and contrast for more familiar religions and ways of life. Particularly in the era of globalization and the information revolution, there is little excuse for universities continuing to betray the liberal ideal of educating students in the ways of all people† (Berkowitz McFaul, pp. 59-560), saying tha t students shouldn’t be limited their certain society’s values but also aware of the outside world and if not, it’s not a proper education because the student becomes ignorant and closed about other cultures and other aspects of life that they have misjudged. In order to create and free and open minded society, students should have unlimited access to information because students who are subject to extreme paternalistic censorship are more likely to be unexposed to real information. But, the point of education is to create a society that is diverse and open to all different kinds of people, in order to prevent people from being biased, racist, etc. As said in the article, â€Å"Dramatically increasing opportunities for the study of Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Islam in our universities is the right thing to do, to advance the cause of learning and America’s interest in training people who can contribute to the spread of liberty abroad† (Berkowitz McFaul, p. 60), by having more diverse knowledge of the world, society can come together and civilizations can learn to get along better without stereotypical judgments. The real and main purpose of education is to open the minds of students to all the different views of a many different customs that would help the individuals not only develop logically and factually, but it would help them to be more aware of what was going on in the world surrounding them in order for people in a society of different vi ews to get along and continue the improving and civilized way of life. As shown in the many articles, written by different perspectives, the idea of an open minded education leads to a well off society, and any society that prevented the unlimited amount of information was bound to wither away. Also, in order for students to be well-educated, they must come from a well brought up society that encourages the same concept of civilization as the ones being taught in a class room. If this isn’t the case, it would be very hard for the teacher to inform and teach the students.

Schools Role in Childhood Obesity free essay sample

Schools Role in Childhood Obesity Schools play a large role in childhood obesity. The food and beverages they offer for lunch and snacks are not usually healthy. Schools need more activity time for students, such as sports during PE and more exercises. Not all students participate in the activities, they need something all students can do and enjoy. What role does school take in childhood obesity? School lunch should not offer such a variety of food; some schools have several lunch lines, however only one or two of these lines are healthy foods.Children should be able to choose what they want to eat, but they should have to choose between healthy options. Lunchrooms offer milk, orange juice, and chocolate milk for students, some offer fountain drinks as well. There is an argument that chocolate milk should be banned from schools, people believe that it is identical to sodas and candy when it obviously is not. We will write a custom essay sample on Schools Role in Childhood Obesity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chocolate milk is a small bit higher in sugar than regular milk, but it also has all the same nutrients that milk has, whereas sodas only have calories.Studies show that 35% less milk was consumed when flavored milk was taken out of the lunchrooms. School snacks should be healthy as well. Vending machines are not a good idea for children. â€Å"More unhealthy snacks in school and less demanding physical education programs raise the risk for childhood obesity† say medical experts. Some states have banned vending machines from schools, others have changed the food and beverages available in vending machines and limited students access to them. On the other hand, schools need to have better physical education programs.Most schools let the children decide if they want to take PE or not, this should not ever be an option, children need the activity in their lives. PE should be mandatory for everyone in school every year until they graduate. Nearly one-third of elementary schools do not schedule recess on a regular basis. Physical Education is an important factor in childhood obesity. â€Å"PE not only gives children the time to be active during schools, but it also teaches them how to be active throughout their lifetime† (American HeartAssociation). The American Heart Association is working to make sure each student in elementary and middle schools have physical education during their school days, also to make sure PE is required for high school students to graduate. Physical education is important for all children, if children do not play sports or exercise out of school then physical education classes are the only times children get the daily exercise they need. Being physically active helps children maintain a healthy weight and a healthy metabolism.Also children should practice healthy eating habits outside of school so that they will make the right choices in the lunch or snack lines. Children should have to take health classes while in middle and high school. Once children are in high school they are only required to take one general health class as credit to graduation. Children should not have such a choice in schools. Health classes provide information we need to make healthier decisions, such as what we eat, how much we eat, how we exercise and how long we exercise a day.Children attend school for eight to nine months a year for seven to eight hours a day; therefor schools play a large role in how children eat and how they exercise. What role does school take in childhood obesity? Children are in school 5 days a week for about 8 hours a day; therefor they are responsible for what the children consume and what activities take place. The school system needs to plan better meals and snacks for the children and also plan better activities for the children to participate in throughout the day.

Titians Altarpieces Essays - Italian Renaissance, Titian

Titian's Altarpieces What was the importance of these two altarpieces for the development of painting in Venice, both from a stylistic and iconographic point of view? It has been said that Titian's Assunta, which adorns the high altar, and Pesaro (on the left aisle of the chapel of the Immaculate Conception) stand mid-way between the past and the future of Venetian painting. This infers that Titian drew on established traditions learnt from his masters Bellini and Giorgione, and imbued his works with a freshness and inspiration not seen before. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that his sensitive construction of the works ? considering the authority of his patrons ? facilitate a depth of interpretation which highlight both the sacred and civic concerns of the time. To illustrate Titian's progressive role in Venetian art history, I will draw on Renaissance documentation, and contemporary research that notes the stylistic and iconographic elements of these altarpieces. In 1568 the Florentine chronicler Vasari wrote of Titian, "Titian...who has adorned with great pictures the City of Venice...deserves the love and respect of all craftsmen, who ought to admire and imitate him in many things. For he is a painter who has produced...work which...will live as long as the memory of illustrious men endures" . This is a useful starting point for such an investigation: this representation is valid, since Vasari had met and spoken to him while writing the book, and being a Florentine he wasn't so susceptible to employing the Venetian rhetoric which could tend to be biased The contemporary chronicler Ludovico Dolce recorded the shock and criticism the Assunta attracted when it was first unveiled. Such controversy points to its radicalism and supports assertions that it was influential for developing artists: "For all [the panel's grandeur and awesomeness], the oafish painters and the foolish masses, who until then had seen nothing but the dead and cold works of Giovanni Bellini, of Gentile, and of Vivarino..., which were without movement and modelling, grossly defamed the picture. Then, as envy cooled and the truth slowly dawned on them, people began to marvel at the new style established in Venice by Titian..." There is good reason to conclude that the Assunta and Pesaro altarpieces rank amongst the finest and most notary of Titian's works. In his book, The Altarpiece in Renaissance Venice, Peter Humfrey claims that the exceptionally large number of churches in Venice elevated the prevalence of this style, as they all needed to be decorated. The lack of fresco painting (due to the humid climate) meant more panel paintings were constructed, and so "Venetian painters tended to concentrate their most ambitious efforts...on altar painting" Limitations of the investigation The lack of primary documentation from this era hinders our ability to place the artwork in its socio-cultural context. When relying on the rhetoric of the State-appointed historians, we must consider the bias that results from their upholding of the ?Myth of Venice'. Obviously, the value of these to the research question is limited; being contemporary, they are unable to describe Titian's long-term influence on Venetian painting. Definition of key terms When analysing artwork from a stylistic point of view, all visual (not metaphorical) factors are taken into account. Issues of composition, symmetry and asymmetry, colour palette, application of paint, and rendering of forms are all relevant. Iconography refers to any elements of the painting that can be left open for a religious or sacred interpretation. These two points of view are inextricably linked: for example, the placement (re: composition, thus stylistic element) of the Madonna and Child, elevated in the centre of a devotional painting also has iconographic references: this was their traditional position, and portrayed their roles as intercessors between the figures below, and God in Heaven above. In this context, the altarpiece refers to a painting set behind an above the altar in a Christian church. Painted altarpieces might be accompanied by sculpture, as in the case of Titian's Assunta, which features three free-standing marble figures on the frame. The term sacra conversazione refers to the type of composition made popular by Bellini, where a group of saints are gathered in a unified space. Any ?conversation' between saints is solely spiritual and internal; paradoxically, as soon as obvious communication takes place (in the case of Titian's Pesaro), the composition no longer conforms to what constitutes a sacra conversazione . Established traditions in altarpiece design Titian was painting amongst the turbulent climate of the age of Reformation and the Counter-Reformation: this may have influenced his work, endowing it with a greater sense of drama and more overt display of emotion

The Role of Japanese Mythology in Kafka on the Shore Essays

The Role of Japanese Mythology in Kafka on the Shore Essays The Role of Japanese Mythology in Kafka on the Shore Paper The Role of Japanese Mythology in Kafka on the Shore Paper Satoru Nakata was a young boy n November 1944 when he became involved in what would be known as the Rice Bowl Hill Incident. No one is sure what happened during this event but several Japanese school children ended up lying unconscious in a clearing in the woods near a town where they had been evacuated for their own safety. Nakata was the only child who did not re-gain consciousness and was in a coma for several months. When Nakata woke up he had no memory of what had happened to him on that day in November 1944, and had gone from an ordinary, intelligent little boy to suffering from mild mental retardation. He has however; developed the strange ability to talk to cats. Nakata uses this ability to supplement the small disability pension that he receives from the Japanese government by finding people’s lost pets with it. It is the search for one of those pets, a female cat named Goma that begins Nakata’s journey to find the boy he once was. Kafka of course is not the only one with Japanese Dreams problems. Nakata has spent most of his life, rejected by his family due to his loss of intelligence, and leads a lonely solitary existence. However; he does not let this get to him. Nakata s an honest and simple man who takes life on face value. Although life has dealt him a rough hand as it were, Nakata just lives his life and take joy in the simple things. Unfortunately, in his search for Goma he comes across a strange kind of serial killer from Japanese legend. This being is an oni, or demon of sorts that has become a serial killer of family pets. Unfortunately, this demon has taken over the body of Kafka’s father, and requests that Nakata kill him in exchange for the life of the remaining cats he has kidnapped including Goma. Nakata does so even though the murder costs him the power to speak to cats, and fearing punishment for what he has done, Nakata flees. Nakata’s first encounter upon fleeing Tokyo is a long-haul truck driver named Hoshino who agrees to take Nakata to Kobe. He tells young Hoshino the story of his life and as they journey towards Kobe strange supernatural events begin to occur. At one point right before Nakata meets Hoshino at the truck stop the area experiences a freak rainstorm of fish. Nakata has lost his ability to speak with cats but unusual things continue to happen in his vicinity. At a certain point Nakata’s destination changes and he and Hoshino end up in Shikoku. This is where Nakata’s tale and Kafka’s tale intersect, and the denizens of the Japanese spirit world begin to have more of an impact on both of their lives. Part 3: The Role of Japanese Mythology in Kafka on the Shore Japanese myths and legends often play a role in the stories of Haruki Murakami. Spirits and ghosts from the underworld interact with Murakami’s protagonists on a rather Japanese Dreams frequent basis. For example; when living in the library Kafka dreams frequently of a beautiful young woman who resembles Miss Saeki as a young girl. He notices that the young woman floats above the ground rather than walks and never appears to notice him. (p 241, Kafka on the Shore; Vintage Paperbacks, 2005)To Kafka it seems that this is the piece of Miss Saeki’s soul that died when her high school sweetheart died tragically forever haunts the place where they once had such happy times. The spirit world of Japanese legend also makes its appearance known in the beginning of Nakata’s tale when he encounters the feline serial killer that he calls Johnnie Walker (p 139-142; Kafka on the Shore: Vintage Paperbacks, 2005). Johnnie Walker resembles at least in personality the oni of Japanese legend. The oni are commonly thought of as ogres, devils, or demons depending on the translation. The website of the Mukashibanashi Library ( Mukashibanashi. org) describes oni as being either â€Å"wise and cunning, or slow and stupid depending on who is telling the tale. † (p 1: Website Overview: ( Mukashibanashi. org). Johnnie Walker most definitely fulfills the idea of an oni being â€Å"wise and cunning. † He tricks Nakata into giving up his ability to speak to cats which seems reliant upon the innocence that he exudes due to his developmental disability. He then proceeds to push Nakata until Nakata picks up a kitchen knife and stabs him to death.

Confucian essays

Confucian essays The Confucian tradition, which began during the Han dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE) strongly stressed that all of society, including the government, could be run according to the principles of the family. The family was the moral and political model for all organizations. The commonly used phrase  ¡blood is thicker than water ¡ holds true in China. The biological bond between parents and children could not be matched by any other relationship. Master K ¡ung, the first Confucius master, recognized five fundamental relationships in society. These relationships are between state and citizen; between father and son; between husband and wife; between elder brother and younger brother; and between friends. Of the five relationships Chinese people placed the most emphasis on the father-son relationship. This emphasis celebrated the idea of filial piety. Filial piety came to be the most powerful force to maintain the order of society. The family and filial piety were the basis for al l of Chinese society and government. This is illustrated, in the Book of Filially through the views of Master Kung. According to Chinese tradition, filial piety was the primary duty of all Chinese. Being a filial son meant complete obedience to one's parents during their lifetime andas they grew oldertaking the best possible care of them. After their death the eldest son was required to perform ritual sacrifices at their gravesite or in the ancestral temple. A son could also express his devotion to his parents by passing the Civil Service examinations, winning prestige for the whole family. Most important of all, a son had to make sure that the family line would be continued. Dying without a son therefore was one of the worst offenses against the concept of filial piety. If a marriage remained barren, it was a son's duty to take a second wife or adopt a child in order to continue the family. Since Chinese women became part of their husband's family ...

How the New Deal altered the role of the national government Essay

How the New Deal altered the role of the national government - Essay Example Majority of its legislation followed these purposes (Bryant). The New Deal changed the role of the national government, by expanding the power of the Federal Government and making it more responsible for the general welfare of the states. Since the U.S. became â€Å"united,† states enjoyed latitude in making laws and programs for their specific state needs and concerns. The Great Depression showed, however, that each state, or more so, a few ones, can generally impact the whole nation’s economic conditions. As a result, Roosevelt and his allies are convinced that they must change the national government from being a passive parent to a more aggressive parent handling the economy as a whole. After all, the Constitution states that the federal government has the power to regulate commerce between states and international trade and that it is authorized to generate laws that support the Constitution. Though the New Deal has been criticized as unconstitutional, it proved to greatly enhance the powers of the national government. During the New Deal of the Roosevelt administration, from 1933 to early 1935, the main goals were recovery and relief. The president and his advisers stressed the importance of the national government in creating laws that will stimulate the economy and provide new jobs. Roosevelt expressed to the American public about the alliances among â€Å"business and banking, agriculture and industry, and labor and capital,† in order to enlist them to the causes of the government (Bryant). On March 5, the president closed all the banks and called it a â€Å"bank holiday.† He influenced the Congress to pass a bill that helped the banks. That bill became law a few days later and the President asked the people to trust banks again and deposit their money once more into them. The banks reopened on Monday March 13th and Americans deposited their money again and the total effect was that they

Corporate Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Reporting - Essay Example "Usually mergers occur in a consensual setting where executives from the target Company help those from the purchaser in a due diligence process to ensure that the deal is beneficial to both parties." (Wikipedia) Goodwill is defined as the present value of future earnings in excess of the normal return on net identifiable assets. According to the acquisition events it's defined as the excess of the cost of acquisition over a group's interest in the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities of a subsidiary, associate or jointly controlled entity at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is treated as an asset in the balance sheet of a company. The reduction in the goodwill needs to be calculated at annual basis and the decrease should be written off in the profit and loss account. Due to the replacement of IAS22 by the IFRS3 the treatment of goodwill changed to the defacement-only practice in January 2005. The US GAAP has the same treatment of Goodwill and defines it as the surplus acquisition price paid in addition to the fair value of the net identifiable assets. The change in treatment was first undertaken after the imposition of the SFAS142 which transformed the goodwill accounting from changed accounting for goodwill from a paying-off method to defacement-only method in July 1, 2001. As the standard was affecting international groups many of them preferred using US GAAP standards which could minimize the adverse effects of goodwill amortization and was beneficial for the groups The acquiring company should make sure that the value in excess to the fair value of the net assets should not be reduced and hence this difference should be treated as an asset that's not really identifiable. The standard addresses all the issues regarding the disclosure of the information regarding the acquisition and the management can play an important role in making the most of this information. It suggests that an effective business report must have More forward looking information Have more coverage of non-financial value creating information. Should align internal and external information. The model includes different components of business reporting, which are: 1) financial and non financial data regarding the acquisition 2) Management's analysis of financial and non-financial data. 3) Future forecasting information regarding the goodwill. 4) Shareholders and management related information. 5) Background information. 6) Proper disclosure of information 7) Proper information regarding each business segment. The model provides the shareholders and investors with the case of proper information regarding the securities in order to save them from being misallocated. IFRS3 puts more emphasis on stakeholders' relationship rather than on financial measures. Heavy reliance on financial measures has damaged most of the company's reputation. The financial performance does not represent the overall performance of the business. The position of the company in the market and the performance cannot be judge by only addressing the financial measures. The standard recommends that the role of the intangible assets is growing in determining the future performance of a company. The standard provides the solution in shape of focusing more on qualitative measures rather than

Racing to the Bottom Trade, Environmental Governance by Aseem Prakash Article

Racing to the Bottom Trade, Environmental Governance by Aseem Prakash and Matthew Potoski - Article Example The dependent variable, on the other hand can be defined as the observed result, of the independent variable. The voluntary environmental regulations of ISO 14001 in this research can be defined as the dependent variable. The research seeks to define how the independent variable has had a negative or positive impact on the adoption of ISO 14001 environmental regulations (dependent variable). HYPOTHESIS The hypothesis formulated in this report is that, involvement in international trade has caused many international firms to adopt the voluntary ISO 14001 regulations. The other hypothesis is that adoption rates are lower in export dependent countries than in import dependent countries. This hypothesis has come about due to some critiques believe that these ISO 14001 regulations have been adopted to take environmental action to an international level. This research aims at proving this hypothesis. FINDINGS Different governments have different environmental assessment requirements for or ganizations. Within these governments, there are some whose environmental policies seem to be lax. International trade with the organizations from nations having lax environmental standards becomes significantly affected as other organizations seem to avoid trading with them. The international organization for standardization has created a much accepted level of international standards. The standards of ISO are applied to firms irrespective of the country of origin and are independent of the local regulations. The finding of this report is that many firms, seeking to undertake international trade, have resorted into adopting the ISO 14001 regulations together with the local regulations. The research concludes that there are specific aspects of this regulation which make these firms to adopt it, and it is not due to international pressure. The regulation seems to favor international trade EVIDENCE (QUANTIT & QUALITATIVE) The survey conducted in 108 countries, which has, the ISO 14001 certified facilities provides evidence in this research. The information was categorized on the international trade structure which a country mainly depended on. There are those that are export dependent and others import dependent. The research also seeks to define whether the importing county’s regulations have any effect on the exporting c country’s level in adopting these regulations. For the purposes of this research, the other variables which may affect international trade are entirely ignored. The measure applied is that of adoption of the ISO 14001 regulations. MAJOR THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (LIBERAL, INSTITUTIONAL The major theoretical framework is the adoption of this regulation is favorable to international trade than other regulations. The effects of other controllable variables like international and domestic controls seem to be over come by this regulatory policy. COUNTERARGUMENTS There are many arguments aroused by this research. Globalization critiques ar gue that the adoption of ISO 14001 regulation necessitated by international trade undermines the set government regulation. On the other hand, those in support of globalization argue that the governments should try and standardize their environmental regulation for the purpose of international trade. They further argue that due to the discrepancies in government policies, only the ISO 14001 regulations can be applied internationally in a standard way. They argue

Francis Bacon's The New Organon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Francis Bacon's The New Organon - Essay Example The method involves construction of comparison tables. Moreover, experiments are considered crucial since they help the mind in interpreting nature. Bacon argues that human minds are filled with diverse foolish and improper notions that deter them from understanding nature appropriately. He calls these notions idols and argues that they result from the human nature, relations between people and works from some philosophers especially Aristotle. He specifically, focuses on syllogistic method and argues that it is based on various idols and hence cannot be used in proper investigation of nature. This essay focuses on Francis Bacon: The New Organon. The essay discusses how the book addresses the basic features of the method of interpretation of Nature. Additionally, the differences between Interpretation of nature and Anticipation of mind in relation to the four kinds of idols will be discussed. Moreover, the essay will discuss how the four idols discussed by Bacon differ from each othe r. The Basic Features of Francis Bacons Interpretation of Nature Bacon believes that the new method or interpretation of nature is superior to syllogism. ... His method thus focuses on use of induction, which begins with natural phenomenon and follows some intermediate steps to come up with general axioms. Bacon argues that this method is appropriate since it is based on concrete things and not words (Bacon 38-41). Another key feature of Bacon’s interpretation of nature method is it emphasis on experimentation, which are used on investigating nature. Bacon refutes previous uses of experiments to confirm theories. In his opinion, theory should be developed through experiments. Bacon’s New Organon thus emphasizes on use of experiments in investigating nature (Bacon 41-44). Another feature of Bacons method is objectivism. He keeps referring to phrases such as â€Å"knowledge is power.† His method aims at demonstrating the relation between reason and human survival as well as knowledge and human power. He argues that previous method had relied on dogmas, skepticism, and lacked fixed methodologies (Bacon 130-135). How Fran cis Bacon’s â€Å"Interpretation of Nature† Differs From â€Å"Anticipation of Mind† Distinction between â€Å"Interpretation of Nature† and â€Å"Anticipation of Mind† relate to Bacon’s discussion of the four kinds of idols. According to Bacon, anticipation of mind entails jumping into conclusion before investigating a scientific law. That is, a conclusion is first made and it is then followed by investigations to confirm it. On the other hand, interpretation of nature entails building proof through a series of investigation and observation. Therefore, use anticipation of mind as a research tool is likely to result in conclusions that are based on beliefs and not facts. However, using interpretation of nature to research, results in building up of facts and making the

Fashion Designers Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fashion Designers Blog - Essay Example The paper "Fashion Designers Blog" talks about the designers of fashion. The Fashion Week Daily described Lam’s sportwear designs as touching on femininity that espouses maturity and self-awareness. Lam’s designs are also described as emanating intelligence without being overtly intellectual but rather more on the emotional side. Moreover, while Lam’s designs reflect modernity, they also encapsulate history. Lam’s formal wear is characterized by the cotton trenchcoat or the trenchcoat with fox trimmings and his evening gowns which are either short silk cocktail dresses marked by â€Å"handkerchief sleeves† or â€Å"flowly one-shoulder† gowns. Essentially, Lam takes a classic look and brings it into the new millennium. For example, Lam would take a seventies or late sixties look and reinvent it so that it appeals to today’s market. When Lam debuted his first collection in 2003 during New York Fashion Week in autumn of that year, he came well qualified. Graduating from the New School for Design, Parsons in 1990, Lam spent the next 12 years in design houses, particularly under Michael Kors. It was from Kors, that Lam claims to have acquired a taste and knowledge for American classics. Immediately following his debut, Lam’s designs were taken-up by Barneys New York and Bergdorf Goodman and caught on without hesitation. Lam then ventured into other areas bringing his brand to shoes, eyewear and other accessories. His brand was validated on another level when Lam won the 2005 CFDA’s Swarovski Perry Ellis Award.

Leadership and management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and management - Assignment Example ......................... 6 3.0 Application of Theory and Analysis ................................................................ 7 4.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 8 5.0 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 8 References ................................................................................................................ 10 Abstract There is no denying the fact that conflicts tend to be the integral aspects of organizations that are given to performing in team scenarios (Pammer & Killian 2009). People do enter into conflicts with each other over a range of issues and differences. However, it is possible to manage conflicts in a way that does not lead to jeopardizing of the personal and organizational relationships and that optimizes the organizational performance (Pammer & Killian 2009). Yet, it is also a fa ct that organizational conflicts if mishandled could lead to the vitiation of the organizational environment and could seriously harm the organizational productivity and efficiency. The given report tends to analyze a conflict scenario at the Reindeer Solutions. The particular conflict situation pertains to the issue being faced by the management, HR and the senior accountant Julia in an organization named Reindeer Solutions. ... The particular situation is associated with a senior accountant, Julia, who has been working at the Reindeer Solutions since the past five years. Of late the senior manager Anthony has noticed many mistakes and flaws in the work submitted by Julia. Anthony tried to discuss things with Julia, but the situation still remained the same. On deeper enquiry, Anthony learnt that Julia is right now facing some domestic issues that demand her time and attention and thereby she is not able to focus on her work. Anthony does not want to lose Julia as she is an immensely experienced and skilled employee, yet he also wants to improve the things at the office. Anthony discussed the issue with HR Administrator Victoria. They agreed that the situation was serious as any serious flaws on the part of Julia could harm the business. So they decided to bring the HR Assistant Murphy and HR Officer Noel on board. These four administrators discussed the issue and came to the conclusion that losing Julia wou ld be a serious mistake. Hence, they decided to offer Julia a junior post on a temporary basis, so as to allow her to focus more on the home front. The whole objective of this step was to place Julia in a relatively soft position till she tides over the rough patch on the domestic front, and then restore her to her original position. These four administrators organized a meeting with Julia and offered to her the contrived plan. However, Julia got extremely disturbed and annoyed at this proposal. She got really angry and said that this solution practically amounts to be a demotion and that her pride forbade her from agreeing to a junior post. This gave way to a conflict scenario between the management, HR and Julia. The manager and the HR personnel tried to

Assignment On The Fundamental Rights

Assignment On The Fundamental Rights All democratic constitutions provide for the guarantee of certain rights, which are inviolable and beyond the reach of the state. Rights arise from very social nature of man and which are the external conditions necessary for the greatest possible development of the capacities of the personality. Fundamental Rights are sacro sanct and the supporting pillars of democracy as a form of government and as a way of life. . Democracy and inviolable fundamental rights go together. In this assignment I would like to elaborate the Fundamental Rights under the Constitution of India. Constitutionalism is an achievement of the modern world. The following are the salient features of Indian Constitution. The longest written constitution in the world The idea of popular sovereignty Supremacy of the constitution Provision for Fundamental Rights Provision for Directive Principles of State Policy Provides Parliamentary system of Government Provision for secularism Encouraging Socialistic pattern of society Sovereign Democratic Republic Provision for Emergency Provides single citizenship Provision for single integrated judiciary Federalism The constitution of India has a wonderful preamble. The preamble is an introduction to a Constitution. It proclaims the source, objectives and date of adoption of the constitution. The preamble of the Indian constitution reads as follows: WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; And to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. Demand for Fundamental Rights in India During the 19th century a demand for civil rights in India took deep root. The Indians were subjects and not citizens under British rule. Before 1947 India did not have national liberty, and the individual, therefore, could never imagine to have individual freedom with the complete set of guaranteed fundamental rights. As early in 1895, under the inspiration of Bal Gangadar Thilak, a swaraj bill was prepared and this thought in terms of a constitution guaranteeing fundamental rights. In 1928, the Nehru Report spoke of the need to have fundamental rights in the future constitution of India. In 1933, the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress adopted a resolution in favor of fundamental rights. But the British government did not accept the demand of the Indians to incorporate a list of fundamental rights in the constitutions introduced in India. Fundamental Rights: A Preface The Fundamental Rights, embodied in Part III of the Constitution, guarantee civil rights to all Indians, and prevent the State from encroaching on individual liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens rights from encroachment by society. Seven fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to property and right to constitutional remedies. However, the right to property was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44th Amendment in 1978. The purpose of the Fundamental Rights is to preserve individual liberty and democratic principles based on equality of all members of society. They act as limitations on the powers of the legislature and executive, under Article 13, and in case of any violation of these rights the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts of States have the power to declare such legislative or executive action as unconstitutional and void. These rights are largely enforceable against the State, which as per the wide definition provided in Article 12, includes not only the legislative and executive wings of the federal and state governments, but also local administrative authorities and other agencies and institutions which discharge public functions or are of a governmental character. However, there are certain rights such as those in Articles 15, 17, 18, 23, 24 that are also available against private individuals. Further, certain Fundamental Rights including those under Articles 14, 20, 21, 25 apply to persons of any nationality upon Indian soil, while others such as those under Articles 15, 16, 19, 30 are applicable only to citizens of India. The Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of public interest. The Fundamental Rights can be enhanced, removed or otherwise altered through a constitutional amendment passed by a two-thirds majority of each House of Parliament. The imposition of a state of emergency may lead to a temporary suspension any of the Fundamental Rights, excluding Articles 20 and 21, by order of the President. The President may, by order, suspend the right to constitutional remedies as well, thereby barring citizens from approaching the Supreme Court for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights, except Articles 20 and 21, during the period of the emergency. Parliament may also restrict the application of the Fundamental Rights to members of the Indian Armed Forces and the police, in order to ensure proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline, by a law made under Article 33. Classification of Fundamental Rights The Constitution of India in part III provides for six categories of fundamental rights. They are; Right to Equality The Right to Equality is one of the chief guarantees of the Constitution. It is embodied in Articles 14-16, which collectively encompass the general principles of equality before law and non-discrimination, and Articles 17-18 which collectively further the philosophy of social equality. Article 14 guarantees equality before law as well as equal protection of the law to all persons within the territory of India. This includes the equal subjection of all persons to the authority of law, as well as equal treatment of persons in similar circumstances The latter permits the State to classify persons for legitimate purposes, provided there is a reasonable basis for the same, meaning that the classification is required to be non-arbitrary, based on a method of intelligible differentiation among those sought to be classified, as well as have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the classification. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any of them. This right can be enforced against the State as well as private individuals, with regard to free access to places of public entertainment or places of public resort maintained partly or wholly out of State funds. However, the State is not precluded from making special provisions for women and children or any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens, including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. This exception has been provided since the classes of people mentioned therein are considered deprived and in need of special protection. Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and prevents the State from discriminating against anyone in matters of employment on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, place of residence or any of them. It creates exceptions for the implementation of m easures of affirmative action for the benefit of any backward class of citizens in order to ensure adequate representation in public service, as well as reservation of an office of any religious institution for a person professing that particular religion. The practice of untouchability has been declared an offence punishable by law under Article 17, and the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 has been enacted by the Parliament to further this objective. Article 18 prohibits the State from conferring any titles other than military or academic distinctions, and the citizens of India cannot accept titles from a foreign state. Right to Freedom The Right to Freedom is covered in Articles 19-22, with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the Constitution, and these Articles also include certain restrictions that may be imposed by the State on individual liberty under specified conditions. Article 19 guarantees six freedoms in the nature of civil rights, which are available only to citizens of India. These include the freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly, freedom of association without arms, freedom of movement throughout the territory of India, freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country of India and the freedom to practice any profession. All these freedoms are subject to reasonable restrictions that may impose on them by the State, listed under Article 19 itself. The grounds for imposing these restrictions vary according to the freedom sought to be restricted, and include national security, public order, decency and morality, contempt of court, incitement to offences, and defamation. The State is also empowered, in the interests of the general public to nationalize any trade, industry or service to the exclusion of the citizens. The freedoms guaranteed by Article 19 are further sought to be protected by Articles 20-22. Article 20 provides protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to any person who commits an offence. Article 21 prevents the encroachment of life or personal liberty by the State except in accordance with the procedure established by law. The Supreme Court also ruled that life under Article 21 meant more than a mere animal existence; it would include the right to live with human dignity and all other aspects which made life meaningful, complete and worth living. Subsequent judicial interpretation has broadened the scope of Article 21 to include within it a number of rights including those to livelihood, clean environment, good health, speedy trial and humanitarian treatment while imprisoned. The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the Fundamental Rights under Article 21A by the 86th Constitutional amendment of 2002. Article 22 provides specific rights to arre sted and detained persons, in particular the rights to be informed of the grounds of arrest, consult a lawyer of ones own choice, be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest, and the freedom not to be detained beyond that period without an order of the magistrate. Right against Exploitation The Right against Exploitation, contained in Articles 23-24, lays down certain provisions to prevent exploitation of the weaker sections of the society by individuals or the State. Article 23 prohibits human trafficking, making it an offence punishable by law, and also prohibits forced labor or any act of compelling a person to work without wages where he was legally entitled not to work or to receive remuneration for it. Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous employment. This has been provided to protect the health of future citizens, and also on the ground of humanity. Right to Freedom of Religion The Right to Freedom of Religion, covered in Articles 25-28, provides religious freedom to all citizens and ensures a secular state in India. According to the Constitution, there is no official State religion, and the State is required to treat all religions impartially and neutrally. Article 25 guarantees all persons the freedom of conscience and the right to preach practice and propagate any religion of their choice. This right is, however, subject to public order, morality and health, and the power of the State to take measures for social welfare and reform. The right to propagate, however, does not include the right to convert another individual, since it would amount to an infringement of the others right to freedom of conscience. Article 26 guarantees all religious denominations and sects, subject to public order, morality and health, to manage their own affairs in matters of religion, set up institutions of their own for charitable or religious purposes, and own, acquire and m anage property in accordance with law. These provisions do not derogate from the States power to acquire property belonging to a religious denomination. The State is also empowered to regulate any economic, political or other secular activity associated with religious practice. Article 27 guarantees that no person can be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of any particular religion or religious institution. Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in a wholly State-funded educational institution, and educational institutions receiving aid from the State cannot compel any of their members to receive religious instruction or attend religious worship without their (or their guardians) consent. Cultural and Educational Rights The Cultural and Educational rights, given in Articles 29 and 30, are measures to protect the rights of cultural, linguistic and religious minorities, by enabling them to conserve their heritage and protecting them against discrimination. Article 29 grants any section of citizens having a distinct language, script culture of its own, the right to conserve and develop the same, and thus safeguards the rights of minorities by preventing the State from imposing any external culture on them. It also prohibits discrimination against any citizen for admission into any educational institutions maintained or aided by the State, on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them. However, this is subject to reservation of a reasonable number of seats by the State for socially and educationally backward classes, as well as reservation of up to 50Â  percent of seats in any educational institution run by a minority community for citizens belonging to that community. Article 30 confers upon all religious and linguistic minorities the right to set up and administer educational institutions of their choice in order to preserve and develop their own culture, and prohibits the State, while granting aid, from discriminating against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a religious or cultural minority. The right under Article 30 can be availed of even if the educational institution established does not confine itself to the teaching of the religion or language of the minority concerned, or a majority of students in that institution do not belong to such minority. This right is subject to the power of the State to impose reasonable regulations regarding educational standards, conditions of service of employees, fee structure, and the utilization of any aid granted by it. Right to Constitutional Remedies The Right to Constitutional Remedies empowers citizens to approach the Supreme Court of India seek enforcement, or protection against infringement, of their Fundamental Rights. Article 32 provides a guaranteed remedy, in the form of a Fundamental Right itself, for enforcement of all the other Fundamental Rights, and the Supreme Court is designated as the protector of these rights by the Constitution. The Supreme Court has been empowered to issue writs, namely habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo-warranto for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights The Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to enforce the Fundamental Rights even against private bodies, and in case of any violation, award compensation as well to the affected individual. Exercise of jurisdiction by the Supreme Court can also be on the basis of a Public Interest Litigation. This right cannot be suspended, except under the provisions of Article 359 when a state of emergency is declared. Directive Principles of State Policy The constitution of India envisages a welfare state for the country in which liberty, equality and fraternity will prevail. Part IV, from article 36 to 51 of the constitution [16 Articles] deals with Directive Principles of State Policy. They are more or less elaboration of principles and ideals contained in the preamble of the constitution. They are the core of our commitment to the silent social revolution. They fix certain social and economic goals to be attained through a non violent social revolution. Classification The Directive Principles of State Policy is directed towards the establishment a welfare state in India. These positive guidelines can be broadly divided into three. Socialistic Principles The principles grouped in this category are socialistic both in their direction and content. Article 38 of the constitution directs the state to secure a social order for the promotion of the people. Article 39 of the constitution briefly lays down the basic philosophy of democratic socialism. It directs the state to secure, Adequate means of livelihood both for men and women Fair distribution of resources, that is, ownership and control of material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good. The wealth of the nation should not be concentrated in the hands of a few Equal pay for equal work for both men and women The children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment Article 41 provides for right to work, to education and to public assistance. Article 42 directs the state to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. Article 43 directs the state to provide a living wage and conditions of work etc. Gandhian Principles Certain principles of state policy seek to organize the new order in accordance with some Gandhian principles, Article 40 says the state shall take steps to organize village panchayaths and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self government. Article 43 directed the state to promote cottage industries in an individual and cooperative basis in rural areas. According to the Article 46, the state shall promote with special care educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. Article 47 directs that the state shall regard raising the level of nutrition Liberal Policies Directive principles under this category direct the state to secure for all citizens a uniform civil code to the people belonging to different religions. Article 45 directs that the state shall endeavor to provide and compulsory education. Article 49 provides that it is the obligation of the state to protect monuments or place or object of artistic or historic interest, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export .Article 50 directs the state to take steps to separate the judiciary from the Executive in the public services of the state. Article 51 stands for the promotion of international peace and security. Fundamental Duties The following are the Fundamental Duties prescribed by the Constitution of the nation under PART [IV-A] to its every citizen: (a) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem. (b) To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom. (c) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. (d) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. (e) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. (f) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. (g) To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures. (h) To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. (i) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence. (j) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement. Conclusion The Fundamental Rights embodied in the Indian constitution acts as a guarantee that all Indian citizens can and will lead their lives in peace as long as they live in Indian democracy. These civil liberties take precedence over any other law of the land. They include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights such as habeas corpus. The directive principles are aiming at the welfare state. The fundamental duties are for the establishment of a just nation which is socially committed. So all of these are essential for the survival of a transparent democracy. Modern Social Work is highly based on the rights of individuals. So knowledge of rights and duties become quite significant in the social work as a profession and as an area of study.